BASE - SAAJ's results

A secure, low-cost, developer-friendly Ethereum L2 built to bring the next billion users to web3.

General Information

Platform: Code4rena

Start Date: 26/05/2023

Pot Size: $100,000 USDC

Total HM: 0

Participants: 33

Period: 14 days

Judge: leastwood

Id: 241

League: ETH

BASE

Findings Distribution

Researcher Performance

Rank: 16/33

Findings: 1

Award: $813.40

QA:
grade-b

🌟 Selected for report: 0

🚀 Solo Findings: 0

Awards

813.4016 USDC - $813.40

Labels

bug
grade-b
QA (Quality Assurance)
Q-17

External Links

Low Risk and Non-Critical Issues

[L-01] OnlyEOA modifier can be bypassed with Zero Code Size Contract (05 Instances)

The code size (extcodesize) of any contract is 0 under creation and hasn't been deployed. Functions with OnlyEOA modifier can be called through a smart contract by using constructor (), as during creation time extcodesize of any contract is Zero.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L106
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L119
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L157
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2StandardBridge.sol#L74
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2StandardBridge.sol#L101

[L-02] Missing event for important parameter change (06 Instances)

Important parameter or configuration changes should trigger an event to allow being tracked off-chain.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L107
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L120
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L164
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L208
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L1Block.sol#L79
  6. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2StandardBridge.sol#L102

[L-03] Use a modifier for access control (07 Instances)

Consider using a modifier to implement access control instead of inlining the condition/requirement in the function’s body.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L2OutputOracle.sol#L257
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L2OutputOracle.sol#L263
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L175
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L184
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L453
  6. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable3.sol#L38
  7. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable3.sol#L54

[L-04] Inconsistent Solidity Versions (03 Instances)

Different Solidity compiler versions are used for the contracts used in project that may lead to (un)known bugs or errors. It is recommended to used consistency in versions to avoid any unforeseen issues.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable.sol#L2
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable2.sol#L2
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable3.sol#L2

[L-05] Add a timelock to critical functions (03 Instances)

It is a good practice to give time for users to react and adjust to critical changes. A timelock provides more guarantees and reduces the level of trust required, thus decreasing risk for users. It also indicates that the project is legitimate (less risk of a malicious owner making a sandwich attack on a user).

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L192
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L205
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L218

[L-06] Consider using OpenZeppelin’s SafeCast library to prevent unexpected overflows when casting from various type int/uint values (10 Instances)

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/ResourceMetering.sol#L183
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L2OutputOracle.sol#L225
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L2OutputOracle.sol#L226
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L312
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L313
  6. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L453
  7. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/ResourceMetering.sol#L135
  8. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/ResourceMetering.sol#L137
  9. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/ResourceMetering.sol#L183
  10. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L155

[L 07] Upgradeable contract not initialized (03 Instances)

Upgradeable contracts are initialized via an initializer function rather than by a constructor. Leaving such a contract uninitialized may lead to it being taken over by a malicious user Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1ERC721Bridge.sol#L30
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L100
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/BaseFeeVault.sol#L19

[L 08] Use Ownable2StepUpgradeable transfer function rather than Ownable's for transfers of ownership (01 Instances)

Ownable2StepUpgradeable prevent the contract ownership from mistakenly being transferred to an address that cannot handle it (e.g. due to a typo in the address), by requiring that the recipient of the owner permissions actively accept via a contract call of its own.

Link to the code:

https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L135

[L 09] Missing initializer modifier on constructor (14 Instances)

OpenZeppelin recommends that the initializer modifier be applied to constructors in order to avoid potential griefs, social engineering, or exploits. Ensure that the modifier is applied to the implementation contract. If the default constructor is currently being used, it should be changed to be an explicit one with the modifier applied.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1CrossDomainMessenger.sol#L27
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1ERC721Bridge.sol#L28
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L98
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L2OutputOracle.sol#L90
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L150
  6. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L93
  7. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/BaseFeeVault.sol#L19
  8. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/GasPriceOracle.sol#L33
  9. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L1Block.sol#L65
  10. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L1FeeVault.sol#L19
  11. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2CrossDomainMessenger.sol#L24
  12. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2ERC721Bridge.sol#L28
  13. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2StandardBridge.sol#L66
  14. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/SequencerFeeVault.sol#L20

[N-01] According to the syntax rules, use => mapping ( instead of => mapping( using spaces as keyword (03 Instances)

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1ERC721Bridge.sol#L20
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L72
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L77

[N-02] Constructor lacks address(0) check (12 Instances)

Zero-address check should be used in the constructor, to avoid the risk of setting a storage variable as address(0) at deploying time.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1CrossDomainMessenger.sol#L27
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1ERC721Bridge.sol#L28
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L98
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L2OutputOracle.sol#L90
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/OptimismPortal.sol#L150
  6. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol#L93
  7. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/BaseFeeVault.sol#L19
  8. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L1FeeVault.sol#L19
  9. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2CrossDomainMessenger.sol#L24
  10. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2ERC721Bridge.sol#L28
  11. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L2StandardBridge.sol#L66
  12. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/SequencerFeeVault.sol#L20

[N-03] Empty blocks should be removed (05 Instances)

Avoid using code blocks or use them some process like emitting events.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1ERC721Bridge.sol#L31
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/L1StandardBridge.sol#L101
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/BaseFeeVault.sol#L19
  4. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/GasPriceOracle.sol#L33
  5. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/L1Block.sol#L65

[N-04] Pragma Floating (03 Instances)

Locking pragma version ensures contracts are not being deployed on an outdated compiler version.

Link to the code:

  1. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable.sol#L2
  2. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable2.sol#L2
  3. https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/382d38b7d45bcbf73cb5e1e3f28cbd45d24e8a59/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L2/CrossDomainOwnable3.sol#L2

[N-05] Function writing that does not comply with the Solidity Style Guide

All Contracts Order of functions should help readers identify which functions they can call and to find the constructor and fallback definitions easier.

Functions should be grouped according to their visibility and ordered as mentioned in the article i.e.; constructor external public internal private within a grouping, place the view and pure functions last

#0 - c4-judge

2023-06-16T14:55:47Z

0xleastwood marked the issue as grade-b

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