Canto contest - 0xKitsune's results

Gas Optimizations

The following sections detail the gas optimizations found throughout the codebase. Each optimization is documented with the setup, an explainer for the optimization, a gas report and line identifiers for each optimization across the codebase. For each section's gas report, the optimizer was turned on and set to 10000 runs. You can replicate any tests/gas reports by heading to 0xKitsune/gas-lab and cloning the repo. Then, simply copy/paste the contract examples from any section and run forge test --gas-report. You can also easily update the optimizer runs in the foundry.toml.

---

Use assembly to hash instead of Solidity

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
    }

    function testGas() public view {
        c0.solidityHash(2309349, 2304923409);
        c1.assemblyHash(2309349, 2304923409);
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    function solidityHash(uint256 a, uint256 b) public view {
        //unoptimized
        keccak256(abi.encodePacked(a, b));
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    function assemblyHash(uint256 a, uint256 b) public view {
        //optimized
        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, a)
            mstore(0x20, b)
            let hashedVal := keccak256(0x00, 0x40)
        }
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 36687              ┆ 214             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ solidityHash       ┆ 313             ┆ 313 ┆ 313    ┆ 313 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 31281              ┆ 186             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ assemblyHash       ┆ 231             ┆ 231 ┆ 231    ┆ 231 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• NoteInterest.sol:102

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:113

• BaseV1-core.sol:414

• BaseV1-core.sol:416

• BaseV1-core.sol:417

• BaseV1-core.sol:418

• BaseV1-core.sol:423

• BaseV1-core.sol:427

• BaseV1-core.sol:513

• BaseV1-core.sol:525

• TreasuryDelegate.sol:57

• TreasuryDelegate.sol:61

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:94

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:97

---

Use assembly to check for address(0)

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
    }

    function testGas() public view {
        c0.ownerNotZero(address(this));
        c1.assemblyOwnerNotZero(address(this));
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    function ownerNotZero(address _addr) public pure {
        require(_addr != address(0), "zero address)");
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    function assemblyOwnerNotZero(address _addr) public pure {
        assembly {
            if iszero(_addr) {
                mstore(0x00, "zero address")
                revert(0x00, 0x20)
            }
        }
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 61311              ┆ 338             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ ownerNotZero       ┆ 258             ┆ 258 ┆ 258    ┆ 258 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭──────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract   ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞══════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost      ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 44893                ┆ 255             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name        ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ assemblyOwnerNotZero ┆ 252             ┆ 252 ┆ 252    ┆ 252 ┆ 1       │
╰──────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• AccountantDelegator.sol:54

• CNote.sol:14

• CNote.sol:58

• TreasuryDelegator.sol:39

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:32

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:37

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:232

• BaseV1-core.sol:431

• BaseV1-core.sol:523

• BaseV1-core.sol:524

• WETH.sol:99

• WETH.sol:100

• AccountantDelegate.sol:30

• TreasuryDelegate.sol:16

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:88

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:159

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:189

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:214

---

Use assembly for math (add, sub, mul, div)

Use assembly for math instead of Solidity. You can check for overflow/underflow in assembly to ensure safety. If using Solidity versions < 0.8.0 and you are using Safemath, you can gain significant gas savings by using assembly to calculate values and checking for overflow/underflow.

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;
    Contract2 c2;
    Contract3 c3;
    Contract4 c4;
    Contract5 c5;
    Contract6 c6;
    Contract7 c7;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
        c2 = new Contract2();
        c3 = new Contract3();
        c4 = new Contract4();
        c5 = new Contract5();
        c6 = new Contract6();
        c7 = new Contract7();
    }

    function testGas() public {
        c0.addTest(34598345, 100);
        c1.addAssemblyTest(34598345, 100);
        c2.subTest(34598345, 100);
        c3.subAssemblyTest(34598345, 100);
        c4.mulTest(34598345, 100);
        c5.mulAssemblyTest(34598345, 100);
        c6.divTest(34598345, 100);
        c7.divAssemblyTest(34598345, 100);
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    //addition in Solidity
    function addTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        uint256 c = a + b;
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    //addition in assembly
    function addAssemblyTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        assembly {
            let c := add(a, b)

            if lt(c, a) {
                mstore(0x00, "overflow")
                revert(0x00, 0x20)
            }
        }
    }
}

contract Contract2 {
    //subtraction in Solidity
    function subTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        uint256 c = a - b;
    }
}

contract Contract3 {
    //subtraction in assembly
    function subAssemblyTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        assembly {
            let c := sub(a, b)

            if gt(c, a) {
                mstore(0x00, "underflow")
                revert(0x00, 0x20)
            }
        }
    }
}

contract Contract4 {
    //multiplication in Solidity
    function mulTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        uint256 c = a * b;
    }
}

contract Contract5 {
    //multiplication in assembly
    function mulAssemblyTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        assembly {
            let c := mul(a, b)

            if lt(c, a) {
                mstore(0x00, "overflow")
                revert(0x00, 0x20)
            }
        }
    }
}

contract Contract6 {
    //division in Solidity
    function divTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        uint256 c = a * b;
    }
}

contract Contract7 {
    //division in assembly
    function divAssemblyTest(uint256 a, uint256 b) public pure {
        assembly {
            let c := div(a, b)

            if gt(c, a) {
                mstore(0x00, "underflow")
                revert(0x00, 0x20)
            }
        }
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 40493              ┆ 233             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addTest            ┆ 303             ┆ 303 ┆ 303    ┆ 303 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 37087              ┆ 216             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addAssemblyTest    ┆ 263             ┆ 263 ┆ 263    ┆ 263 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract2 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 40293              ┆ 232             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ subTest            ┆ 300             ┆ 300 ┆ 300    ┆ 300 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract3 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 37287              ┆ 217             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ subAssemblyTest    ┆ 263             ┆ 263 ┆ 263    ┆ 263 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract4 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 41893              ┆ 240             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ mulTest            ┆ 325             ┆ 325 ┆ 325    ┆ 325 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract5 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 37087              ┆ 216             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ mulAssemblyTest    ┆ 265             ┆ 265 ┆ 265    ┆ 265 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract6 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 41893              ┆ 240             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ divTest            ┆ 325             ┆ 325 ┆ 325    ┆ 325 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract7 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 37287              ┆ 217             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ divAssemblyTest    ┆ 265             ┆ 265 ┆ 265    ┆ 265 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• Comptroller.sol:293

• Comptroller.sol:1019

• Comptroller.sol:1026

• Comptroller.sol:1481

• NoteInterest.sol:103

• CNote.sol:80

• CNote.sol:81

• CNote.sol:190

• CNote.sol:192

• CNote.sol:294

• CNote.sol:295

• CNote.sol:403

• CNote.sol:404

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:251

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:258

• BaseV1-core.sol:21

• BaseV1-core.sol:24

• BaseV1-core.sol:136

• BaseV1-core.sol:156

• BaseV1-core.sol:158

• BaseV1-core.sol:159

• BaseV1-core.sol:163

• BaseV1-core.sol:183

• BaseV1-core.sol:184

• BaseV1-core.sol:185

• BaseV1-core.sol:194

• BaseV1-core.sol:197

• BaseV1-core.sol:198

• BaseV1-core.sol:199

• BaseV1-core.sol:210

• BaseV1-core.sol:221

• BaseV1-core.sol:222

• BaseV1-core.sol:227

• BaseV1-core.sol:228

• BaseV1-core.sol:229

• BaseV1-core.sol:230

• BaseV1-core.sol:232

• BaseV1-core.sol:243

• BaseV1-core.sol:244

• BaseV1-core.sol:248

• BaseV1-core.sol:251

• BaseV1-core.sol:270

• BaseV1-core.sol:271

• BaseV1-core.sol:301

• BaseV1-core.sol:302

• BaseV1-core.sol:319

• BaseV1-core.sol:320

• BaseV1-core.sol:329

• BaseV1-core.sol:333

• BaseV1-core.sol:341

• BaseV1-core.sol:342

• BaseV1-core.sol:344

• BaseV1-core.sol:345

• BaseV1-core.sol:348

• BaseV1-core.sol:352

• BaseV1-core.sol:369

• BaseV1-core.sol:370

• BaseV1-core.sol:372

• BaseV1-core.sol:373

• BaseV1-core.sol:374

• BaseV1-core.sol:377

• BaseV1-core.sol:383

• BaseV1-core.sol:384

• BaseV1-core.sol:385

• BaseV1-core.sol:386

• BaseV1-core.sol:387

• BaseV1-core.sol:389

• BaseV1-core.sol:447

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:40

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:43

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:106

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:134

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:139

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:165

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:171

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:175

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:196

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:197

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:276

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:364

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:366

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:387

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:402

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:417

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:428

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:430

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:435

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:436

---

Mark storage variables as immutable if they never change after contract initialization.

State variables can be declared as constant or immutable. In both cases, the variables cannot be modified after the contract has been constructed. For constant variables, the value has to be fixed at compile-time, while for immutable, it can still be assigned at construction time.

The compiler does not reserve a storage slot for these variables, and every occurrence is inlined by the respective value.

Compared to regular state variables, the gas costs of constant and immutable variables are much lower. For a constant variable, the expression assigned to it is copied to all the places where it is accessed and also re-evaluated each time. This allows for local optimizations. Immutable variables are evaluated once at construction time and their value is copied to all the places in the code where they are accessed. For these values, 32 bytes are reserved, even if they would fit in fewer bytes. Due to this, constant values can sometimes be cheaper than immutable values.

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;
    Contract2  c2;
    
    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
        c2 = new Contract2();
        
    }

    function testGas() public view {
        c0.addValue();
        c1.addImmutableValue();
        c2.addConstantValue();
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    uint256 val;

    constructor() {
        val = 10000;
    }

    function addValue() public view {
        uint256 newVal = val + 1000;
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    uint256 immutable val;

    constructor() {
        val = 10000;
    }

    function addImmutableValue() public view {
        uint256 newVal = val + 1000;
    }
}

contract Contract2 {
    uint256 constant val = 10;

    function addConstantValue() public view {
        uint256 newVal = val + 1000;
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 54593              ┆ 198             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addValue           ┆ 2302            ┆ 2302 ┆ 2302   ┆ 2302 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 38514              ┆ 239             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addImmutableValue  ┆ 199             ┆ 199 ┆ 199    ┆ 199 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract2 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 32287              ┆ 191             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addConstantValue   ┆ 199             ┆ 199 ┆ 199    ┆ 199 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• NoteInterest.sol:20

• NoteInterest.sol:40

• BaseV1-core.sol:39

• BaseV1-core.sol:40

• WETH.sol:6

• WETH.sol:7

---

Use multiple require() statments insted of require(expression && expression && ...)

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
    }

    function testGas() public {
        c0.singleRequire(3);
        c1.multipleRequire(3);
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    function singleRequire(uint256 num) public {
        require(num > 1 && num < 10 && num == 3);
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    function multipleRequire(uint256 num) public {
        require(num > 1);
        require(num < 10);
        require(num == 3);
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 35487              ┆ 208             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ singleRequire      ┆ 286             ┆ 286 ┆ 286    ┆ 286 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 35887              ┆ 210             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ multipleRequire    ┆ 270             ┆ 270 ┆ 270    ┆ 270 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• Comptroller.sol:1329

• Comptroller.sol:1857

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:55

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:172

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:232

• BaseV1-core.sol:272

• BaseV1-core.sol:288

• BaseV1-core.sol:294

• BaseV1-core.sol:431

• BaseV1-core.sol:468

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:105

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:459

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:466

---

Use assembly when getting a contract's balance of ETH.

You can use selfbalance() instead of address(this).balance when getting your contract's balance of ETH to save gas. Additionally, you can use balance(address) instead of address.balance() when getting an external contract's balance of ETH.

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;
    Contract2 c2;
    Contract3 c3;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
        c2 = new Contract2();
        c3 = new Contract3();
    }

    function testGas() public {
        c0.addressInternalBalance();
        c1.assemblyInternalBalance();
        c2.addressExternalBalance(address(this));
        c3.assemblyExternalBalance(address(this));
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    function addressInternalBalance() public returns (uint256) {
        return address(this).balance;
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    function assemblyInternalBalance() public returns (uint256) {
        assembly {
            let c := selfbalance()
            mstore(0x00, c)
            return(0x00, 0x20)
        }
    }
}

contract Contract2 {
    function addressExternalBalance(address addr) public {
        uint256 bal = address(addr).balance;
        bal++;
    }
}

contract Contract3 {
    function assemblyExternalBalance(address addr) public {
        uint256 bal;
        assembly {
            bal := balance(addr)
        }
        bal++;
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract     ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost        ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 23675                  ┆ 147             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name          ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addressInternalBalance ┆ 148             ┆ 148 ┆ 148    ┆ 148 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭─────────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract      ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞═════════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost         ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 27081                   ┆ 165             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name           ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ assemblyInternalBalance ┆ 133             ┆ 133 ┆ 133    ┆ 133 ┆ 1       │
╰─────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract2 contract     ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost        ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 61511                  ┆ 339             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name          ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addressExternalBalance ┆ 417             ┆ 417 ┆ 417    ┆ 417 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭─────────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract3 contract      ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞═════════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost         ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 57105                   ┆ 317             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name           ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ assemblyExternalBalance ┆ 411             ┆ 411 ┆ 411    ┆ 411 ┆ 1       │
╰─────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• TreasuryDelegate.sol:25

---

unchecked{++i} instead of i++ (or use assembly when applicable)

Use ++i instead of i++. This is especially useful in for loops but this optimization can be used anywhere in your code. You can also use unchecked{++i;} for even more gas savings but this will not check to see if i overflows. For extra safety if you are worried about this, you can add a require statement after the loop checking if i is equal to the final incremented value. For best gas savings, use inline assembly, however this limits the functionality you can achieve. For example you cant use Solidity syntax to internally call your own contract within an assembly block and external calls must be done with the call() or delegatecall() instruction. However when applicable, inline assembly will save much more gas.

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;
    Contract2 c2;
    Contract3 c3;
    Contract4 c4;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
        c2 = new Contract2();
        c3 = new Contract3();
        c4 = new Contract4();
    }

    function testGas() public {
        c0.iPlusPlus();
        c1.plusPlusI();
        c2.uncheckedPlusPlusI();
        c3.safeUncheckedPlusPlusI();
        c4.inlineAssemblyLoop();
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    //loop with i++
    function iPlusPlus() public pure {
        uint256 j = 0;
        for (uint256 i; i < 10; i++) {
            j++;
        }
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    //loop with ++i
    function plusPlusI() public pure {
        uint256 j = 0;
        for (uint256 i; i < 10; ++i) {
            j++;
        }
    }
}

contract Contract2 {
    //loop with unchecked{++i}
    function uncheckedPlusPlusI() public pure {
        uint256 j = 0;
        for (uint256 i; i < 10; ) {
            j++;

            unchecked {
                ++i;
            }
        }
    }
}

contract Contract3 {
    //loop with unchecked{++i} with additional overflow check
    function safeUncheckedPlusPlusI() public pure {
        uint256 j = 0;
        uint256 i = 0;
        for (i; i < 10; ) {
            j++;

            unchecked {
                ++i;
            }
        }

        //check for overflow
        assembly {
            if lt(i, 10) {
                mstore(0x00, "loop overflow")
                revert(0x00, 0x20)
            }
        }
    }
}

contract Contract4 {
    //loop with inline assembly
    function inlineAssemblyLoop() public pure {
        assembly {
            let j := 0

            for {
                let i := 0
            } lt(i, 10) {
                i := add(i, 0x01)
            } {
                j := add(j, 0x01)
            }
        }
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 37687              ┆ 219             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ iPlusPlus          ┆ 2039            ┆ 2039 ┆ 2039   ┆ 2039 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 37287              ┆ 217             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ plusPlusI          ┆ 1989            ┆ 1989 ┆ 1989   ┆ 1989 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract3 contract     ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost        ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 42693                  ┆ 244             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name          ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ safeUncheckedPlusPlusI ┆ 1355            ┆ 1355 ┆ 1355   ┆ 1355 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract2 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 35887              ┆ 210             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ uncheckedPlusPlusI ┆ 1329            ┆ 1329 ┆ 1329   ┆ 1329 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract4 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 26881              ┆ 164             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ inlineAssemblyLoop ┆ 709             ┆ 709 ┆ 709    ┆ 709 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• Comptroller.sol:180

• Comptroller.sol:281

• Comptroller.sol:949

• Comptroller.sol:1276

• Comptroller.sol:1333

• Comptroller.sol:1471

• Comptroller.sol:1778

• Comptroller.sol:1784

• Comptroller.sol:1794

• Comptroller.sol:1799

• Comptroller.sol:1862

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:89

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:131

• BaseV1-core.sol:207

• BaseV1-core.sol:337

• BaseV1-core.sol:427

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:136

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:362

---

Right shift instead of dividing by two

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
    }

    function testGas() public view {
        c0.div2();
        c1.shr2();
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    function div2() public view {
        uint256 val = 10;
        uint256 valDivTwo = val / 2;
        valDivTwo++;
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    function shr2() public view {
        uint256 val = 10;
        uint256 valDivTwo = val >> 1;
        valDivTwo++;
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 41493              ┆ 238             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ div2               ┆ 268             ┆ 268 ┆ 268    ┆ 268 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 32687              ┆ 193             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ shr2               ┆ 203             ┆ 203 ┆ 203    ┆ 203 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• BaseV1-core.sol:21

• BaseV1-core.sol:24

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:40

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:43

---

Don't use SafeMath when using solidity >= 0.8.0

Solidity >= 0.8.0 checks for overflow/underflow by default. Using Safemath when using version >= 0.8.0 is redundant and will incur additional gas costs. Instead of safemath, you can simply use Solidity's built in arithmetic. For further gas savings, you can also use assembly and check for overflow/underflow as seen below.

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;
    Contract2 c2;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
        c2 = new Contract2();
    }

    function testGas() public {
        uint256 a = 109230923590;
        uint256 b = 928359823498234;
        c0.safeMathAdd(a, b);
        c1.standardAdd(a, b);
        c2.assemblyAdd(a, b);
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    function safeMathAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) public {
        uint256 c = a.add(b);
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    function standardAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) public {
        uint256 c = a + b;
    }
}

contract Contract2 {
    function assemblyAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) public {
        assembly {
            let c := add(a, b)
        }
    }
}

Gas report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 48899              ┆ 275             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ safeMathAdd        ┆ 348             ┆ 348 ┆ 348    ┆ 348 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 45499              ┆ 258             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ standardAdd        ┆ 303             ┆ 303 ┆ 303    ┆ 303 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract2 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 41293              ┆ 237             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ assemblyAdd        ┆ 263             ┆ 263 ┆ 263    ┆ 263 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• NoteInterest.sol:77

• NoteInterest.sol:103

• NoteInterest.sol:109

• NoteInterest.sol:135

---

Use assembly to write storage values

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
    }

    function testGas() public {
        c0.updateOwner(0x158B28A1b1CB1BE12C6bD8f5a646a0e3B2024734);
        c1.assemblyUpdateOwner(0x158B28A1b1CB1BE12C6bD8f5a646a0e3B2024734);
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    address owner = 0xb4c79daB8f259C7Aee6E5b2Aa729821864227e84;

    function updateOwner(address newOwner) public {
        owner = newOwner;
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    address owner = 0xb4c79daB8f259C7Aee6E5b2Aa729821864227e84;

    function assemblyUpdateOwner(address newOwner) public {
        assembly {
            sstore(owner.slot, newOwner)
        }
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 60623              ┆ 261             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ updateOwner        ┆ 5302            ┆ 5302 ┆ 5302   ┆ 5302 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 54823              ┆ 232             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ assemblyUpdateOwner┆ 5236            ┆ 5236 ┆ 5236   ┆ 5236 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯

Lines

• NoteInterest.sol:77

• NoteInterest.sol:79

• NoteInterest.sol:139

• NoteInterest.sol:140

• NoteInterest.sol:156

• NoteInterest.sol:172

• NoteInterest.sol:191

• BaseV1-core.sol:105

• BaseV1-core.sol:109

• BaseV1-core.sol:110

• BaseV1-core.sol:112

• BaseV1-core.sol:113

• BaseV1-core.sol:116

• BaseV1-core.sol:117

• BaseV1-core.sol:126

• BaseV1-core.sol:128

• BaseV1-core.sol:167

• BaseV1-core.sol:168

• BaseV1-core.sol:169

• BaseV1-core.sol:414

• BaseV1-core.sol:489

• BaseV1-core.sol:490

• BaseV1-core.sol:499

• BaseV1-core.sol:504

• BaseV1-core.sol:509

• WETH.sol:13

• WETH.sol:14

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:76

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:77

---

Mark storage variables as constant if they never change.

State variables can be declared as constant or immutable. In both cases, the variables cannot be modified after the contract has been constructed. For constant variables, the value has to be fixed at compile-time, while for immutable, it can still be assigned at construction time.

The compiler does not reserve a storage slot for these variables, and every occurrence is inlined by the respective value.

Compared to regular state variables, the gas costs of constant and immutable variables are much lower. For a constant variable, the expression assigned to it is copied to all the places where it is accessed and also re-evaluated each time. This allows for local optimizations. Immutable variables are evaluated once at construction time and their value is copied to all the places in the code where they are accessed. For these values, 32 bytes are reserved, even if they would fit in fewer bytes. Due to this, constant values can sometimes be cheaper than immutable values.

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;
    Contract2  c2;
    
    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
        c2 = new Contract2();
        
    }

    function testGas() public view {
        c0.addValue();
        c1.addImmutableValue();
        c2.addConstantValue();
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    uint256 val;

    constructor() {
        val = 10000;
    }

    function addValue() public view {
        uint256 newVal = val + 1000;
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    uint256 immutable val;

    constructor() {
        val = 10000;
    }

    function addImmutableValue() public view {
        uint256 newVal = val + 1000;
    }
}

contract Contract2 {
    uint256 constant val = 10;

    function addConstantValue() public view {
        uint256 newVal = val + 1000;
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────┬────────┬──────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪══════╪════════╪══════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 54593              ┆ 198             ┆      ┆        ┆      ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg  ┆ median ┆ max  ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addValue           ┆ 2302            ┆ 2302 ┆ 2302   ┆ 2302 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────┴────────┴──────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 38514              ┆ 239             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addImmutableValue  ┆ 199             ┆ 199 ┆ 199    ┆ 199 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract2 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 32287              ┆ 191             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ addConstantValue   ┆ 199             ┆ 199 ┆ 199    ┆ 199 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• AccountantInterfaces.sol:7

• AccountantInterfaces.sol:8

• AccountantInterfaces.sol:18

• BaseV1-core.sol:44

• BaseV1-core.sol:58

• BaseV1-core.sol:59

• BaseV1-core.sol:482

• BaseV1-core.sol:483

• BaseV1-core.sol:484

• TreasuryInterfaces.sol:7

• TreasuryInterfaces.sol:8

• WETH.sol:8

---

Use custom errors instead of string error messages

contract GasTest is DSTest {
    Contract0 c0;
    Contract1 c1;

    function setUp() public {
        c0 = new Contract0();
        c1 = new Contract1();
    }

    function testFailGas() public {
        c0.stringErrorMessage();
        c1.customErrorMessage();
    }
}

contract Contract0 {
    function stringErrorMessage() public {
        bool check = false;
        require(check, "error message");
    }
}

contract Contract1 {
    error CustomError();

    function customErrorMessage() public {
        bool check = false;
        if (!check) {
            revert CustomError();
        }
    }
}

Gas Report

╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract0 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 34087              ┆ 200             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ stringErrorMessage ┆ 218             ┆ 218 ┆ 218    ┆ 218 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯
╭────────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬────────┬─────┬─────────╮
│ Contract1 contract ┆                 ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
╞════════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪════════╪═════╪═════════╡
│ Deployment Cost    ┆ Deployment Size ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ 26881              ┆ 164             ┆     ┆        ┆     ┆         │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ Function Name      ┆ min             ┆ avg ┆ median ┆ max ┆ # calls │
├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
│ customErrorMessage ┆ 161             ┆ 161 ┆ 161    ┆ 161 ┆ 1       │
╰────────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴────────┴─────┴─────────╯

Lines

• Comptroller.sol:240

• Comptroller.sol:316

• Comptroller.sol:453

• Comptroller.sol:461

• Comptroller.sol:482

• Comptroller.sol:623

• Comptroller.sol:696

• Comptroller.sol:766

• Comptroller.sol:1123

• Comptroller.sol:1277

• Comptroller.sol:1322

• Comptroller.sol:1330

• Comptroller.sol:1344

• Comptroller.sol:1388

• Comptroller.sol:1392

• Comptroller.sol:1394

• Comptroller.sol:1404

• Comptroller.sol:1408

• Comptroller.sol:1410

• Comptroller.sol:1420

• Comptroller.sol:1422

• Comptroller.sol:1432

• Comptroller.sol:1434

• Comptroller.sol:1444

• Comptroller.sol:1448

• Comptroller.sol:1457

• Comptroller.sol:1460

• Comptroller.sol:1462

• Comptroller.sol:1530

• Comptroller.sol:1780

• Comptroller.sol:1836

• Comptroller.sol:1838

• Comptroller.sol:1853

• Comptroller.sol:1859

• Comptroller.sol:1875

• NoteInterest.sol:154

• NoteInterest.sol:169

• NoteInterest.sol:188

• CNote.sol:17

• CNote.sol:54

• CNote.sol:59

• CNote.sol:71

• CNote.sol:96

• CNote.sol:147

• CNote.sol:164

• CNote.sol:182

• CNote.sol:246

• CNote.sol:265

• CNote.sol:321

• CNote.sol:374

• CNote.sol:397

• CNote.sol:426

• TreasuryDelegator.sol:36

• TreasuryDelegator.sol:40

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:33

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:35

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:38

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:60

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:64

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:68

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:115

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:127

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:173

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:193

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:196

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:212

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:233

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:252

• GovernorBravoDelegate.sol:257

• BaseV1-core.sol:253

• BaseV1-core.sol:272

• BaseV1-core.sol:286

• BaseV1-core.sol:288

• BaseV1-core.sol:294

• BaseV1-core.sol:303

• BaseV1-core.sol:309

• BaseV1-core.sol:413

• BaseV1-core.sol:431

• BaseV1-core.sol:521

• BaseV1-core.sol:523

• BaseV1-core.sol:524

• WETH.sol:29

• WETH.sol:99

• WETH.sol:100

• AccountantDelegate.sol:27

• AccountantDelegate.sol:31

• AccountantDelegate.sol:45

• AccountantDelegate.sol:67

• AccountantDelegate.sol:82

• AccountantDelegate.sol:106

• TreasuryDelegate.sol:52

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:71

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:86

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:88

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:104

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:105

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:133

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:223

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:228

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:295

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:296

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:387

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:402

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:415

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:417

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:428

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:430

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:452

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:463

• BaseV1-periphery.sol:466

---